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Copyright Thomas I. Palley
For
the last several years the euro has been appreciating steadily against
the U.S. dollar. Given the Chinese renminbi and other East Asian
currencies are pegged to the dollar that means the euro has been
appreciating steadily against all. This spells trouble for Euroland,
and it suggests European policymakers should join with the U.S. to
address the global problem of under-valued currencies.
The euro has now appreciated approximately seventy percent relative to
its historic low against the dollar, set on October 26, 2000. This
appreciation has been economically justified given Europe’s large trade
surplus with the United States. That surplus peaked in 2005 and is now
gradually coming down as the Euro appreciates, which is the exactly how
a market based global economy is supposed to correct international
financial imbalances.
Some in Europe are beginning to raise red flags regarding this
appreciation, but the reality is it is still within the bounds of
reasonableness. Though the euro has appreciated seventy percent against
its historic low, it has only appreciated twenty percent relative to
its January 1999 introductory parity. (Read more).
That said, European concerns about exchange rates are justified, but
the focus should be East Asia’s currencies, not the dollar. The key
player is China, which has the largest surplus. Additionally, other
East Asian countries are rationally reluctant to adjust their
currencies absent a Chinese revaluation, as they fear losing
competitiveness. This means China’s refusal to significantly revalue
its currency against the dollar is forcing a lop-sided adjustment
process that places the burden of rebalancing the U.S. trade deficit
exclusively on Europe. That is imposing a deflationary burden on Europe
that could easily undermine the European economy.
Europe is now experiencing double trouble as its surplus with the U.S.
begins to fall while its deficit with China is large and growing.
Between 2002 and 2006 the European Union’s deficit with China rose from
54 billion euros to 128 billion euros. At current exchange rates the
2006 deficit was 179 billion dollars, and the EU Chamber of Commerce
expects that deficit to hit 260 billion dollars in 2007.
In a sense, Europe now finds itself involuntarily on the same path that
the U.S. voluntarily locked itself into in the late 1990s. That path is
characterized by rising trade deficits, weakened manufacturing
investment spending, and loss of manufacturing jobs.
The renminbi’s under-valuation stands to lower European exports and
increase imports from China as spending is redirected from European
produced goods to cheaper Chinese goods. The resulting increased trade
deficit will directly cost jobs, and reduced demand and profitability
of European manufacturing companies will reduce investment spending.
Furthermore, European manufacturers will have an incentive to close
plants and shift production and new investment to China, just as
happened in the U.S.
These effects are likely to be especially disruptive from a regional
perspective. Whereas Germany’s high value-added capital goods exporters
may still be able to prosper, the economies of Italy, Spain, and other
Mediterranean countries stand to be badly impacted. Additionally,
manufacturing in Central Europe’s new member states stands to be
severely affected, making their integration into the European economy
more difficult.
The bottom line is that by all reasonable standards China’s currency is
under-valued against both the dollar and the euro. China is running
huge and growing trade surpluses with both Europe and the U.S.; it has
a growing global trade surplus; and on top of that it has an even
larger current account surplus since its trade surplus is supplemented
by massive foreign direct investment inflows.
These conditions suggest Europe and the U.S. have a common interest in
closely cooperating to pressure China to adjust its currency. Yet, so
far, that has not happened. One reason is that until recently the euro
was under-valued so that Europe had no grounds for or interest in
pressuring China to revalue. A second reason is that Europe and the
U.S. are in competition for sales to China and each may fear
antagonizing the Chinese government. This has triangulated Europe and
the U.S. to their disadvantage and to the benefit of China. The
implication is that fixing the structural problem of triangulation and
remedying the failure to cooperate on the China currency question
should be urgent policy priorities for both sides of the North Atlantic
partnership.
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